Soybean-Based Resins to Replace of Petrochemicals for Optical 3D Printing

Potential applicability and characteristics of AESO. (a) – chemical structures of AESO, diluents Genomer 1122TF and ethyl lactate, PIs IRG369, TPO-L, TPO and BAPO. (b) – an explanation chart for the materials used in optical 3D lithography: Y-left axis – achievable spatial resolution, Y-right – available applications, X-top – required equipment, X-bottom – required irradiation intensities. Images of the objects produced out of AESO-based resin using both DLP and NLL technologies are shown. The numbers 1–3 are marked on the chart to represent how the objects were produced and indicate their potential applications. (c) – measured AESO, AESO + PI(1% w/w)+diluent absorbance and normalized light source emission spectra. Green dashed vertical line marks the wavelength of the laser source. (d) – the dependencies of storage modulus G’ of AESO, AESO-based resins, and PR48 on irradiation time43,64. The onset of irradiation (60 s) is marked with violet vertical dashed line.

AESO and its based resins optical, rheological, and bio-renewable carbon content characteristics.

Assessment of the exposure conditions for the DLP lithography and obtained results. (a) – a scheme of the DLP lithography. DLP experiments data using AESO + BAPO + Genomer 1122TF resin. (b) – normalized energy dose Dp dependence on polymerized films height z. (c) – polymerized films height z dependence on exposure duration texp. (d) – a model of a single layer membrane on the pillars. (e) – the model produced out of AESO based resins. (f) – printed membrane: theoretical height 102 μm, measured 97 μm (SEM image). Values of the measured thicknesses of the printed membranes (five black squares) are shown in picture (c).

Manufacturing via NLL and obtained results. (a) – a model of 75 × 75 μm2 size bi-layer scaffold structure: T – 30 μm period, p – 15 μm log width, l – 75 μm log length, d – 15 μm distance between logs, dxy – distance between scans, H – 20 or 30 μm vertical column height, h – 5 μm height between separate column segments, P – applied laser power, v – scanning velocity. (b) – SEM image (at 45° angle) of arrays of manufactured scaffold structures out of AESO. Applied average P was 0.4–0.8 mW (recalculated to intensity I 1.2–2.4 mW/cm2) and is represented in white scale at the bottom. dxy is shown on the black scale at right. v was set to 5 mm/s. The green area marks well-shaped objects and the red – deformed ones or only their residuals. (c) – representation of the “resolution bridges” (RB) method and ellipsoid shape voxel (green) at the 2w0 diameter laser beam focal plane. D and L are lateral and longitudinal dimensions of the voxel. (d) – demonstrates a measurement of RB lateral D size (top view). Applied v to form beams was set to 1 mm/s, P was altered in the range 0.1–0.6 mW. (e) – 2D grating in AESO + 0.5% w/w IRG369, v = 0.15 mm/s, P = 0.12 mW, h = 1 μm. D and L sizes are represented in upper-right and lower-left insets, respectively. (f) – 1.065 × 1.065 mm2 size 7 layers scaffold: p = 25 μm, d = 105 μm, v = 5 mm/s, P = 0.6 mW; SEM images (at 45° angle) of objects fabricated using P = 0.18 mW: (g) – “Car” model: v = 1.8 mm/s, dxy = 0.15 μm; (h) – “Tower” model: v = 1.2 mm/s, dxy = 0.15 μm; (i) – “Marvin” model: v = 1.2 mm/s, dxy = 0.25 μm. For fabrication of the objects in pictures (b) and (f) 20 × 0.8 NA objective was used, for (d–e) and (g–i) – 63 × 1.4 NA.