Custom orthotics made through conventional manufacturing methods require casting, sculpting, molding, and fitting to be completed before they’re ready for the patient to wear. It can take up to six weeks before the orthosis is complete. But using 3D printing can improve not only the aesthetic, functional, and mechanical properties of the orthotic, but also drastically cut back the time and costs.
Researchers Luke Hale, Emma Linley, and Deepak M. Kalaskar from the NHS Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital in the UK published “A digital workflow for design and fabrication of bespoke orthoses using 3D scanning and 3D printing, a patient-based case study,” about their novel workflow for using 3D scanning and printing to design and build custom orthoses. Then, they applied their workflow to “a clinically relevant translational case study in a patient with a neurological disorder and complex clinical needs.”
3D printed orthotic devices can be fabricated with biomechanical properties that are comparable to manually built ones, and CAD makes it easy to adjust the model to meet patient needs. Additionally, 3D scanning has proven very helpful in the healthcare field, thanks to its rapid creation of accurate body geometry.
This study focuses on a cervical collar orthosis, which are used for three specific functions:
- Stabilize or immobilize the neck after surgery or trauma
- Support the neck in cases of chronic neck pain
- Hold the head up in cases of neuromuscular weakness
Wearing these collars for long periods of time can be restrictive and uncomfortable, but configurable, custom devices have been created for patients suffering from progressive neuromuscular neck weakness. However, they still might not be well-suited for those with atypical anatomy or uncommon clinical needs, which is why bespoke collars are often the only thing that can help.
“This study demonstrates the development and application of a novel workflow for creating cervical orthoses, using a combination of 3D scanning, biomimetic design and additive manufacturing,” the researchers wrote.
The patient in this case was diagnosed at age 55 with transverse myelitis, an inflammation of the spinal cord that can cause neurological defects like sensory loss and weakness. She could walk, but required assistance for all other activities, because the acute weakness in her neck muscles meant that she couldn’t hold her neck upright. She needed upper limb orthoses for pain relief and stability, but couldn’t wear a cervical collar because of “a sense of restricted breathing.” Over the next few years, her cervical posture got worse, which caused her even more pain, reduced her field of vision, and affected her respiratory function.
“All traditional and commercial approaches to helping the patient’s cervical instability and resulting ‘head-drop’ had previously failed, with associated progressive deterioration in the patient’s clinical state and posture,” the researchers explained. “The workflow was developed to design and fabricate a bespoke device for this patient with no viable alternative therapy.”
They turned to biomimetics, which replicates natural systems to solve human problems, to design the digital workflow for a custom designed orthosis. They scanned the patient’s head, held in a corrected position, with a handheld Artec EVA 3D scanner, and Artec Studio 12 software processed the scan data, which was “validated against actual measurements to ensure accuracy.” They used Houdini software to develop the design process and workflow.
“The 3D scan mesh is imported into the Houdini software, and the user positions simple guide geometry, a cylinder, over the 3D scan. This geometry is projected onto the 3D scan mesh (Fig. 1a),” they explain. “The projection process uses the point normals of the guide geometry to create ‘rays’ that extend in the direction of the normal. These normals are then reversed, to point inwards towards the 3D scan geometry. If a given ‘ray’ collides with the 3D scan mesh, that point is moved to the collision point on the 3D scan.”
A mesh was created that conforms to the 3D scan, with easily modified geometry, and a comfortable orthosis was formed by using an algorithm to relax the geometry. The paper provides a more in-depth explanation of how the researchers optimized the design, including using the mesh in a finite element analysis (FEA) solver and generating a porous pattern for better ventilation and reduced weight and cost of the final orthosis.
Four prototypes were 3D printed on a Stratasys Fortus 380mc system. For comfort, padding was added to the internal surfaces of the printed orthoses, and the collar geometry was used “as input for a variational surface cutting algorithm.” The resulting flat sections acted as templates to cut the padding.
The first prototype, which validated the 3D scanning to printing workflow, was hinged on one side and printed out of semi-flexible Nylon 12, but was deemed too close-fitting. While the next three were similar in that they were two-part designs printed out of UV-stable ASA (deemed the most appropriate material), they had different modifications.
“With each design, patient comfort and usability was improved by making small changes to adopt design considerations and to correct cervical posture and improve patient compliance,” the researchers wrote.
The second prototype prevented skin pressure at the edges of the collar, increased the clearance between the skin and the orthotic surface to accommodate more padding, and featured side straps. The third “involved the manual removal of material away from the second prototype, at the shoulders and head, and a corrective adjustment to the patient’s tendency of lateral and axial rotation of the head with padding,” and the final prototype incorporated all the previous improvements.
“Total time from scanning to delivery of 3D printed orthosis was approximately 72 hrs (3 days),” they wrote. “The time taken for supplying traditional orthoses typically involves separate patient appointments for initial assessment, measurement, evaluation, adjustment and final supply of the device, with each appointment lasting around 40 minutes in a complex case2. Manufacturing is performed by a skilled technician in between these appointments. For a typical orthosis, this results in a turnaround time of around 6 weeks in our hospital.”
An occupational therapist fitted the collar, and after wearing it at home and out in the world regularly, the patient evaluated her new 3D printed cervical collar using a modified questionnaire, just like she had for the previous prototypes.
“There was a progressive improvement in subjective feedback through each iteration as represented by the site of discomfort and comfort score shown in Fig. 2a,b; the collar could be tolerated for progressively longer with greater levels of comfort. There was a marked improvement in posture whilst wearing the collar, with reduction of the compensatory exaggerated lordosis at the lumbar spine (Fig. 2c),” the team reported.
The patient had reduced pain levels, an easier ability to swallow, and a wider field of vision thanks to the neutral head position. The padding also greatly increased her comfort levels in wearing the collar, and she could tolerate the final prototype for four hours, “with gradual increase in usage time.”
“The workflow was therefore validated in producing clinically-beneficial bespoke orthoses whilst also facilitating iteration, modification and improvement of the design,” they wrote.
“Streamlining this process, with a dedicated 3D printer, could result in a point-of-care 3D printing process, with patient attending hospital, having 3D scan and leaving with orthosis the following day.”
The total cost of the 3D printed collar was £325, in comparison to an estimated £350 for a conventionally manufactured one. So the cost savings aren’t great, but the study did show that combining 3D scanning and 3D printing can help achieve a bespoke cervical collar.
“In future work, the proposed workflow will be extended to larger group of patients with varying anatomy and cervical pathology, in whom traditional or commercial approaches have failed,” the researchers concluded. “This study has implications for the rapid production of personalised orthoses which can help reduce patient waiting time, improve patient compliance, reduce pain and reduce further deterioration. The workflow could form the basis for an integrated process, whereby a single hospital visit results in a bespoke orthosis optimised and personalised for each patient.”
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