According to Military Factory, the M203 has been around since the late 1960s, and is a single-shot, reusable 40 mm grenade launcher. It’s attached underneath the barrel of an assault rifle or other carbine-type weapon, and is designed to be used without any major modifications to the base weapon. The breech-loaded, 3D printed RAMBO grenade launcher is made up of 50 separate parts, most of which were additively manufactured. The receiver and the barrel were 3D printed with aluminum using a DMLS process, and the firing pin and trigger were manufactured using ultra-tough 4340 alloy steel.
The production of RAMBO was a six-month collaborative effort by the US Army Manufacturing Technology (ManTech), the US Army Research, Development and Engineering Command (RDECOM), and national 3D printing accelerator America Makes. The goal was not to determine if 3D printing could make the grenade launcher and munitions production process less expensive, or the items themselves more lightweight, but instead to determine if the technology could actually build a whole weapon system, and if the material properties were hardy enough to produces armaments that functioned the way the military needs them to.While 3D printing definitely helped RAMBO’s production process, it was a process, in the truest sense of the word. Once the barrel, which was printed vertically, came off the print bed, support materials needed to be removed, and it was tumbled and polished in an abrasive rock bath. The receiver also required some post-processing, and then both parts went through a hard-coat anodizing process, in order to create a hard, abrasion-resistant outer layer on the aluminum’s surface. Both of these parts took about 70 hours to print, with roughly five hours of post-process machining.
ManTech also requested that a grenade be 3D printed, based on the M781 40 mm training round, as it does not require explosive propellants; this has not yet been deemed safe with objects that are 3D printed. Two RDECOM R&D centers – the US Army Research Lab (ARL) and the US Army Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center (ECBC) participated in manufacturing the munition. The M781 is made up of the cartridge case, the projectile body, the windshield, and a .38-caliber cartridge case. SLS, along with other additive manufacturing processes, was used to 3D print glass-filled nylon cartridge cases and windshields, but the projectile body, typically made of zinc, was a different story.
3D printing with zinc is not possible within the US Army right now, and this is where the iterative beauty of 3D printing comes in. It was quickly determined that aluminum would not work for this part, so the researchers tried 3D printing the projectile body in steel, and then molded a urethane obturating ring onto it, but the ring caused a problem. Finally, a wax printer and the lost-wax casting process were used to 3D print the projectile body. Once the plaster set around the wax bodies, it was heated up, and the wax melted off. Then, molten zinc was poured into the mold for casting.
Researchers at the US Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC) successfully live-fire tested RAMBO a few months ago, firing the first 3D printed grenade from the first 3D printed grenade launcher; in all, RAMBO fired a total of 15 shots before showing any signs of deterioration. The technology, as we know, definitely has major military implications, as weapons could be manufactured and tested within days, instead of months, while also being more lightweight. The 3D printed grenade launcher and components were exhibited at the 2016 Defense Manufacturing Conference, and the live-fire demonstration showed that additive manufacturing “has a potential future in weapon prototype development.”
Army researchers stated that 3D printing technology signifies “a new era of rapidly developed, testable prototypes that would improve products and facilitate faster and more efficient transition from the labs to the field.” The RAMBO system, along with its components and rounds, is currently undergoing more tests, to evaluate failure rates, mechanisms, and reliability. Discuss in the 3D Printed Grenade Launcher forum at 3DPB.com.
[Sources: International Business Times, US Army, Machine Factory / Images: US Army, by Sunny Burns, ARDEC, unless otherwise noted]