Researchers at the Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory are working to better understand the metal 3D printing process – specifically the laser powder bed fusion process – so that 3D printing can be used to a more advanced extent in the field. Physicist Tao Sun and colleagues are studying the technology using the intense synchrotron X-rays at the Advanced Photon Source, a DOE Office of Science User Facility at Argonne.
“The laser–metal interaction happens very quickly,” said Sun. “We captured the process at rates beyond a million frames a second using the high-speed X-ray instrument at the Advanced Photon Source. We can study the resulting movie frame by frame to examine how the material’s microstructure forms.”
“After printing, we examine the product’s resulting microstructure and defects,” added materials scientist Aaron Greco, Sun’s project co-leader. “We use a variety of techniques, including optical and electron microscopy and even tomography at the Advanced Photon Source, to validate the models. Our goal is to explore new possibilities. Industries are currently limited to a certain set of metal alloys. But what about new ones? If you understand the physical properties related to how to print new alloys, you can adopt these into the process and improve the speed and reliability of printing.”
Greco said that 3D printing has numerous benefits for the military, with applications that include aerospace vehicles, jet engines and lightweighting of any type of vehicle.
“This technology can be used in the field to create parts quickly and accurately while also eliminating transportation costs,” Greco said. “Our process enables users to control defect formation with the output being highly reproducible and certifiable. Using this experimental platform enables us to investigate new approaches to printing new and different materials. We’re able to predict and control the process, minimize defects and reduce the need for qualification testing. And we’re finding this benefit has application for any entity in the Department of Defense space.”
Research using titanium is allowing Greco’s team to study different types of materials and metal alloys, to design new alloys or improve the printability and manufacturability of alloys. They’re also creating new high-temperature, high-strength alloys that lead to improved outcomes.
“Our advances allow users to change the printing parameters to improve the material properties of what they’re printing, to create parts with enhanced hardness, strength or even corrosion resistance,” said Greco.
Keith Bradley, Director of National Security Programs at Argonne, believes that the defense industry will be interested in what Argonne is doing because the lab’s work can help to keep the United States safe and to prevent adversaries from using technology to cause harm.
“Argonne is one of several labs focused on preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, including dual-use technologies that can be repurposed from peaceful uses to military applications,” said Bradley. “It’s essential for the defense industry to continuously seek a competitive edge. For this reason, the industry is always tracking technological innovations to determine whether they can help advance their mission. Argonne’s broad expertise in materials science can help the military understand how to produce things that meet their specifications.”
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[Source/Images: Argonne National Laboratory]