“ABS is amorphous in nature and having high impact resistance,” the researchers state. “Low thermal conductivity, heat resistance and toughness, bio-degradability and bio-compatibilities are the key advantages of PLA, whereas HIPS is a low strength structural polymer which have better machinability and fabrication characteristics with low cost.”
The researchers 3D printed the sample components, which had four layers of each material. Testing was then performed on the components, including MFI characterization, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis, tensile testing, Lee’s disc thermal conductivity measurement, flexural testing and pull out testing. ABS, PLA and HIPS were found, through DSC testing, to be compatible with each other, all of them having similar ranges of integral heat value.
“As the practical application requires the requirement for maximum strength with minimum elongation, HIPS was having most desired elongation and PLA was having most desired tensile strength values,” the researchers continue. “After 3D printing of multi-material component, it was observed that tensile strength and elongation values of all multi-material printed components were observed intermediate to the HIPS and ABS which shows the usefulness of present study.”
Several conclusions were made from the study, as stated by the researchers:
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In tensile testing, the Young’s modulus of multi-material component (325 MPa) was observed higher at experiment number 3, than single thermoplastic (Young’s modulus of PLA 47.9 MPa, ABS of 175 MPa and for HIPS 112.5 MPa).
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Pull out testing revealed the fact that elongation and strength properties of 3D printing can be controlled through multi-material printing at predicted input processing setting. It was noted that break elongation of multi-material components was observed smaller as compared to ABS and PLA. At the same time, break load and break strength has been observed greater than HIPS in case of pull out tests.
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3D printing of multi-material components at predicted settings resulted in the observation that flexural strength was attained higher than HIPS (2.01 MPa) material as 2.96 MPa but lower than PLA (9.07 MPA) and ABS (7.04 MPa).
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It was noted that PLA was having thermal conductivity of 0.2225 W/m.K, ABS of 0.1722W/m.K and HIPS of 0.3232W/m.K. For structural applications, it requires the thermal conductivity to be desired minimum. Multi-material printing of these materials resulted in thermal conductivity of 0.2732W/m.K (dt/dT = 0.814 K/s) which was lesser than HIPS material shows the utility of multi-material 3D printing.
Overall, the three materials were compatible with each other, and their strengths worked together to create composite components that were superior to single-material components. With the growing sophistication of 3D printers, and the greater accessibility of printers with multimaterial capabilities, it is becoming easier to 3D print composite components like these for functional applications that benefit from the best characteristics of ABS, PLA and HIPS.
Authors of the paper include Ranvijay Kumar, Rupinder Singh and Ilenia Farina.
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